英语语法-定语从句

完整句子做定语

形容词做定语放在被修饰词前面

完整句子做定语放在被修饰词后面

定语从句的重要概念

先行词：被修饰或限定的词（the people）

关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接作用并在定语从句中充当成分

代词作用：重复指代先行词，从句中充当成分

连接作用：连接主句和从句的作用

关系代词的用法

先行词指人who，whom

先行词指物which

先行词指人或物均可：that，whose

先行词指人

who和whom区别

• who在从句中可做主语，宾语，表语，但who之前不可用介词

​ I like the people who I work with

​ I like the people with whom I work

• whom在定语从句中不能做主语，可以做表语或宾语

​ A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.

• **表示人或物的所有关系：whose + 名词：在从句中可做主语，动词宾语，介词宾语**

  a. When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.

  b. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time

​ 动词宾语

c. Atlas(in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.

​ 介词宾语

先行词指物

• a. which可以指代单个名词

​ Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not

• b. which可以指代单个短语

​ He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.

• c. which可以指代前面整个句子

​ She wore her swimming things in the office, which shocked her boss a great deal.

非限定性定语从句：被修饰的句子不需要定语从句意思也完整，只是补充说明

that指代人或指代物：注意不可以用在介词后面

The world that/which we live in is made up of matter.

The world in which we live is made up of matter.

最好用that情况

• 先行词有人也有物时，用that

​ The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.

• 先行词为指物的all, little, few, much, none, the first用that

​ a. All that glitters is not gold.

​ b. This book contains little that is useful.

​ c. There is not much that can be done.

​ d. As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome.

• 先行词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything用that

​ a. Is there anything that I can do for you?

​ b.Greater expense does not always equal better gift, I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn’t need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality that something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.

• 先行词被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little, 序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the very, the right, the last，修饰时用that

​ a. Tell us all things that you know.

​ b. There is no difficulty (that) they can’t overcome.

​ c. The only thing that we should do is find our way home.

​ d. The very problem that I want to solve is like this.

​ e. He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.

关系代词省略

关系代词who, whom, which, that 若在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省略

​ a. Tina likes the present which I gave her for her birthday.

​ b. Tina likes the present that I gave her for her birthday.

​ c. Tina likes the present I gave her for ther birthday.

​ d. I like the people who I work with.

​ e. I like the people I work with.

​ f. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.

​ g. I’m talking abouot friends you can share almost everything with.

关系副词的用法：when, where, why，从句中做时间状语，地点状语， 原因状语

• 先行词指时间

​ when 引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，先行词须是表示**时间的名词**

​ day, year, time, when可以用on which来替换

​ a. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

​ b. I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

​ c. We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy.

​ d. The day may soon come when we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home.

• 关系副词when在从句中做时间状语

​ 当心：表示时间的先行词，若定语从句中不缺少状语和是缺少宾语或主语，要用which或

that来引导定语从句。因为when来引导定语从句的前提条件是：when 在其引导的定语从句中做时间状语。

​ a. The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm. (which做主语)

​ b. I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus. (which做spent宾语)

​ c. I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park. (when做时间状语修饰met)

where的用法 = at which或in which

• where引导定语从句，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，如place, house

​ a. Do you know any place where I can buy Clint’s grammar book?

​ b. Do you know any place at which I can buy Clint’s grammar book?

​ c. This is the town where(in which) I spent my childhood.

​ d. This is the restaurant where I often have my breakfast.

• 关系副词where在从句中做地点状语

​ a. This is the town where I spent my childhood.

​ b. This is the town which I told you about before. which做about的宾语

​ c. The library where students often study was on fire last night.

​ d. The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.

​ e. One of the places which I want to visit someday is Tibet. which做visit宾语

why的用法：只用来引导限制定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词

因为说明原因，所以不是补充说明，不能做非限制定语从句 = for which

This is the reason why I didn’t come here

限制性和非限制性的定语从句

形式上：有无 “，” 分割开来

限制性定语从句

​ 作用：用来提供必要的信息，限定身份或性质，限制范围，若去掉从句，含义不明

​ 例子：I don’t like people意思不明

​ I don’t like people who never keep their words.

非限制性定语从句

​ 作用：提供附加的非必要信息，补充说明或解释，去掉从句，不会引起误解。

​ 例子：Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.

如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，我用一般用逗号，就是要用非限定性定语从句。

因为专有名词本身意思已经很完整，不需要限制，只是用定语从句进行补充

用不用逗号的句子意义有差别

限制性	非限制性	解释
he has a daughter who works in a hospital	he has a daughter, who works in a hospital	a，表示他有多个女儿，其中一个在医院工作b，强调他有一个女儿，不是儿子，在医院工作
the food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.	the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off	a，没有放在冰箱里的那部分食物坏了b，食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。此时的定语从句补充说明变坏的原因。

限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语形式“….的”

非性质性定语从句往往翻译成各种状语

a. the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.

​ 翻译成原因状语从句

b. the Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom the especially wished to talk

​ 翻译成原因状语从句

c. the people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.

​ 条件状语从句

d. the millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all

​ 让语状语从句

that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别

• that是否做成分：that在定语从句中充当成分，在同位语从句中不做任何成分

​ a. the rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.

​ b. the rumor that tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

​ a 中that在从句he spread everywhere 做成分，充当spread的宾语，为定语从句

​ b 中that在从句tom was a thief中不做任何成分。

• 从句作用

​ 定语从句相当于形容词，他对先行词起到修饰，描述和限制的作用。

​ 同位语从句相当于一个名词，他是前面名词的内容的具体表述。两者是同位的关系。

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